Systems and methods for collecting, storing, and using electrical energy from the earth magnetic field

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems for using the Earth&#39;s magnetic field to power a machine having a motor, the system including a computer, a plurality of wires, a plurality of energy storing devices, all in controlled electrical communication with each other, wherein the plurality of wires can collect electrical energy from the Earth&#39;s magnetic field while the machine is put in motion by a power source powering the motor, wherein the collected electrical energy is stored in the plurality of energy storing devices or used to power the motor.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part and claims the benefit ofU.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 14/802,987, filed Jul. 17,2015, which claimed the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/999,191, filed Jul. 17, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Application No.62/070,211, filed Aug. 19, 2014, which are hereby incorporated byreference, to the extent that they are not conflicting with the presentapplication.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates generally to technologies based on the Earthmagnetic field and more particularly to methods and systems for usingthe Earth's magnetic field as a source of energy for powering electricvehicles or other devices.

2. Description of the Related Art

With growing demand for renewable energy, many consumers are choosinghybrid or electric vehicles. However, there are many obstacles toovercome for electric cars to become practical for widespread use. Manyconsumers are concerned with the range they are able to drive beforerequiring time-consuming charging, and much of today's infrastructurewould have to be changed to alleviate this problem. Also, since theelectricity is often generated initially through fossil fuels, electricvehicles are not using a truly renewable resource for power. There isstill a need for a renewable resource to aid with powering vehicles andat least reduce the frequent and time-consuming charging.

It is known in the prior art that moving a conductive coil of wirethrough a magnetic field can produce an electrical current in the wire.The direction of the current through the wire is dependent on therelative direction of motion between the coil of wire and the magneticfield, and the voltage V generated by a wire of length l moving througha magnetic field B at velocity v is given by the equation:V=B×l×v

As it will be described in detail hereinafter, this concept may be usedin the generation of an electrical current for use to power or tosupplement the power of an electrical motor, such as, for example,electrical motor(s) in an electrical or hybrid vehicle, and thus addressthe need for a renewable resource.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the DetailedDescription. This Summary is not intended to identify key aspects oressential aspects of the claimed subject matter. Moreover, this Summaryis not intended for use as an aid in determining the scope of theclaimed subject matter.

In one aspect, this invention may have as its objective the ability togenerate electricity from the Earth's magnetic field while in motion tosupply power to energy storing devices, such as supercapacitors, forexample, as means for powering or at least supplementing the power of anelectrical motor, such as, for example, electrical motor(s) in anelectrical or hybrid vehicle, and thus address the need for a renewableresource.

Using the principle described by the equation above, the voltage fromthe wire may be supplied into a plurality of energy storing devices,such as supercapacitors. As the vehicle travels, the wires may be movedthrough the Earth's magnetic field, and may charge the supercapacitors,which may discharge to a motor. The wire may be made from copper or anyother conductive material.

In one exemplary embodiment, a system of wires arranged in anyconfiguration deemed suitable supplying power to supercapacitorsdischarging to a motor in a vehicle is provided. The supercapacitors maybe connected to both the wires which supply the electrical currentgenerated by the Earth's magnetic field, and to the vehicle's motorthrough a computer interface bus. Thus, by providing a supplementalsource of energy, an advantage is that the use of the system at minimumdecreases the frequency of the need for the vehicle to be recharged orfor the purchase of gasoline or electricity by the user. Anotheradvantage is the overall decrease in the use of electricity generated byfossil fuels.

In another embodiment, a system is provided for retrofitting existingelectric vehicles with wires to produce an electrical current from theEarth's magnetic field, that can at least supplement the other powersources of the vehicle, such as a battery or an internal combustionengine. A vehicle may also, for example, be constructed with the systembuilt in.

The above embodiments and advantages, as well as other embodiments andadvantages, will become apparent from the ensuing description andaccompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For exemplification purposes, and not for limitation purposes,embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the figures of theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an energy generation system controlled by a computerand comprising a wire, voltmeter, wattmeter, vehicle motor,supercapacitor, and computer interface bus, with switches configured tocharge the supercapacitor, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 2a illustrates the energy generation system of FIG. 1, withswitches configured to connect the voltmeter across the supercapacitor.

FIG. 2b illustrates the connection of the voltmeter to thesupercapacitor, by closing switches 2-S3 and 2-S4, as shown in FIG. 2 a.

FIG. 3a illustrates the energy generation system of FIG. 1, withswitches configured to connect the wattmeter across the motor.

FIG. 3b illustrates the connection of the wattmeter, motor, andsupercapacitor, by closing switches 3-S5 and 3-S6, as shown in FIG. 3 a.

FIG. 4 illustrates the energy generation system of FIG. 1, with switchesconfigured to charge a backup battery.

FIG. 5a illustrates the top view of an exemplary circular arrangement ofwires.

FIGS. 5b-c illustrate the side views of two exemplary arrangements ofFIG. 5 a.

FIGS. 6a-d illustrate an exemplary nested coils arrangement of wires.

FIGS. 7a-b illustrate an example of retrofitting an electric vehiclewith the nested coils system shown in FIGS. 6a -d.

FIG. 7c shows an example of a wire connected to a voltmeter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

What follows is a detailed description of the preferred embodiments ofthe invention in which the invention may be practiced. Reference will bemade to the attached drawings, and the information included in thedrawings is part of this detailed description. The specific preferredembodiments of the invention, which will be described herein, arepresented for exemplification purposes, and not for limitation purposes.It should be understood that structural and/or logical modificationscould be made by someone of ordinary skills in the art without departingfrom the scope of the invention. Therefore, the scope of the inventionis defined by the accompanying claims and their equivalents.

FIG. 1 illustrates an energy generation system controlled by a computeraccording to an exemplary embodiment, which may include as shown a wire104, positive and negative connections 1-C1 and 1-C2 to a supercapacitor105, positive and negative connections 1-C3 and 1-C4 to a voltmeter 106,positive and negative connections 1-C5 and 1-C6 to a wattmeter 107 andmotor 108 (e.g., electric motor, linear induction motor, etc.), positiveand negative connections 1-C7 and 1-C8 to a battery 150, all connectedvia a computer interface bus 102 and a bus bar 109. The bus bar 109 maybe two separate wires, one wire that allows one side of computercontrolled switches, S1, S3, S5, S7, connect to the positive side ofsupercapacitor 105, and another wire that allows one side of computercontrolled switches S2, S4, S6, S8 connect to ground. Information fromthe computer interface bus 102 may be sent to a computer 101 by wires103 or any other suitable means. The connections to the interface bus102 can be made by closing switches 1-S1-1-S8, thereby connecting thecircuits, and the opening and closing of the switches may be controlledby the computer 101. When switches 1-S1 and 1-S2 are closed as shown inFIG. 1, the wire 104 is connected to the supercapacitor 105. The wire104 is then able to charge the supercapacitor 105 as it will bedescribed hereinafter. According to an embodiment, as it will bedescribed in detail hereinafter, at any given time, there may be atleast one wire 104 in a suitable position relative to the lines of fluxof the Earth's magnetic field in order to generate voltage. Thegenerated voltage can be calculated using the following equation:V=B×l×vwhere V is the voltage generated in volts, B is the Earth's magneticfield, using 3×10⁻⁵ Tesla (T) as an example, as the strength may vary, lis the length of the wire, and v is the velocity of the wire.

One or a plurality of energy modules depicted in FIG. 1 may be providedfor any given application as necessary to for example supply thenecessary energy amount for the respective application.

Switches 1-S1 and 1-S2 may be opened certain times. As an example,switches 2-S1 and 2-S2 may be opened after 100 milliseconds (ms) ofcharging the supercapacitor 105, which disconnects the charging, andswitches 2-S3 and 2-S4 may then be closed (see FIGS. 2a-b ) to connectthe voltmeter 106, 206 across the supercapacitor 105, 205, through theinterface bus 102, 202. The voltage may then be read by the computer101, 201, which then can use the information to calculate the energystored in the supercapacitor 205 by the following equation:

$E = \frac{{CV}^{2}}{2}$where E is the energy in joules (J), c is the capacitance in farads (F),and V is the voltage in the supercapacitor 205 in volts (V).

After some time (again, as an example, after 100 ms), switches S3 and S4are then opened again and S1 and S2 are again closed (FIG. 1), such thatthe supercapacitor 105 can resume charging. When appropriate level ofenergy is detected in the supercapacitor 205, switches 3-S1 and 3-S2 maybe opened and switches 3-S5 and 3-S6 may be closed (FIG. 3a ), allowingthe supercapacitor 305 to supply energy to the vehicle's motor 308through circuits 3-C5 and 3-C6. As an example, such level of energy maybe approximately 5,000 joules, which is when the voltmeter 106 readsapproximately 0.99 volts (e=(c×v×v)/2 or e=(10000×0.99×0.99)/2=about5000 joules).

An algorithm may be provided for the computer 101 to determine when toswitch one supercapacitor 105 out for another, for example when only asmall amount of energy is left in the supercapacitor 105 currentlysupplying power to the motor 108, 308. For example, when the energy in afirst supercapacitor 105, 305 falls to the amount of energy needed fortwo more seconds of use, to power the motor, or to a predeterminedminimum energy level (e.g., about 50 joules, which is when the voltmeter106 reads about 0.1 volts; e=(c×v×v)/2 or e=(10000×0.1×0.1)/2=about 50joules), a first set of switches associated with the firstsupercapacitor, namely 1-S5 and 1-S6 may be opened and 1-S1 and 1-S2 maybe closed to resume charging. In the same time, a second chargedsupercapacitor 105, 305 may be connected to the motor 108, 308 byopening a second set of 1-S1 and 1-S2 switches, and closing a second setof 1-S5 and 1-S6 switches. Thus, according to this exemplary algorithm,the computer 101 can determine which and/or in what order thesupercapacitors 105, 305 should be discharged to the motor 108, 308,battery 150 (when for example the motor 308 receives enough power fromother super capacitors), and/or computer 101 itself, the time ofdischarge and which supercapacitors 105, 305 should be charged. Thus, itshould be noted that a plurality of supercapacitors 105 may be used inthe same energy module from FIG. 1 to be charged by wire(s) 104, so thatfor example continuous power is provided to the motor.

FIG. 4 illustrates the computer assembly of FIG. 1, with switchesconfigured to charge or use the backup battery 150. Switches 4-S7 and4-S8 may be closed when for example the vehicle is off, so that abattery connected by circuits 4-C7 and 4-C8 can be used to charge thesupercapacitor 405 before starting the vehicle. If at any time thevehicle does not have enough power left in the supercapacitors 405, theback-up battery can be used to provide the missing power. As an example,a vehicle may be initially started by using power from thesupercapacitors having stored energy, or may be started by using powerfrom a back-up battery. The battery may be charged by either thesupercapacitors 405 or an AC charger (not shown). For example, while thesupercapacitor 105, 405 is charged by the battery 150, the computer 401may check the voltage of the supercapacitor 405 by connecting thevoltmeter as shown in FIG. 2b , and determine when the supercapacitor405 is fully charged. The computer 101 may perform this by openingswitches 4-S7 and 4-S8 and closing switches 4-S3 and 4-S4 for voltagereadings at designated intervals of time (for example, 100 ms) until thesupercapacitor 405 is fully charged. The computer 401 may continue thismonitoring process while the vehicle is in motion, to determine how manyjoules of energy is needed by measuring the voltage and the currentgoing to the motor 108, by monitoring the wattmeter 307. As an example,when the computer knows the velocity of the vehicle is 15.1 m/s, 1000meters of wire is used, b=3.3 10 to minus 5, then voltage=0.5 volts. Asan example, when Chevy Volt™ travels 33.8 miles at 33.8 miles per hr,every 2.7 miles that the Chevy Volt™ travels it uses 1 kilowatt ofenergy. Thus, in 33.8 miles the Chevy Volt™ uses 12.5 kilowatts ofenergy. In this example, the computer 101 may need to make sure that theChevy Volt™ has 12500 joules of every second at 15.1 m/s

It should be noted that the computer 101 may include a processor (notshown), a memory (not shown) and the logic (software and/or hardware)necessary to implement the algorithms and processes described herein.

FIG. 5a illustrates the top view of an exemplary radial arrangement of aplurality of wires 504 (104 in FIG. 1) inside a cylinder 510. Anadvantage of the arrangement is that it allows there to be wiresavailable at a suitable position relative to the lines of flux of theEarth's magnetic field at any given time. FIGS. 5b-c illustrate the sideviews of two exemplary arrangements of the wires 504 from FIG. 5a insidethe cylinder 510. Only four wires 504, each bisecting the cylinder 510,are shown in FIG. 5a for clarity. However, a large plurality of wires504, preferably as many as technically possible, may be placed inside ofthe cylinder 510, which (the cylinder) may be of any material that willnot interfere with the Earth's magnetic field. Each of the wires 504 mayextend out of the cylinder 510, without electrical contact with thecylinder 510 through holes 512 at both ends, and connect to the computerinterface bus 109.

As shown in FIGS. 5b-c , where only a single wire is shown in eachfigure for clarity, the wires 504 may be folded such that a long lengthof wire can be fitted into a small space in a cylinder 510. For example,a 305 m. (meter) wire can be folded as shown in either FIG. 5b or FIG.5c so that it measures 2 m. across the diameter of the cylinder 510.Each wire 504 should preferably be folded such that an unfolded wireloop 511 remains flat with no other folds on top of it, at the center ofthe cylinder 510. This would allow for other wires 504 of the samefolded configuration to lay across the diameter of the cylinder 510,each crossing all other wires without electrical contact among them, atthe wire loop 511, as shown in the top view in FIG. 5 a.

As an example, a set of copper wires 504 of a standard 2 AWG gauge maybe used in the arrangement illustrated in FIGS. 5a-c in order togenerate electrical power by harvesting energy from the Earth' magneticfield. Energy at an exemplary rate of 40 J/5 may be provided to themotor 108, as shown by the following equations and calculations.

A standard round 2 AWG wire has a diameter of 0.654 centimeters (cm).Calculations can be made for an exemplary cylinder with a height of 1meter (m) and a diameter of 2 m (200 cm), with a slightly larger actualcylinder diameter used to accommodate the unfolded wire loop 511 and thespace needed between the wires in the folds so that they do not haveelectrical contact. The number of times a 2 AWG wire could be foldedvertically across that cylinder is 200 cm/0.654 cm=305.8, approximately305 times. The height 1 m×305 folds gives a total length of 305 m ofwire. Using the following equationV=B×l×vB=3×10⁻⁵ T (an example within the range of the strength of the Earth'smagnetic field at the Earth's surface), l=305 m, and v is an assumedvelocity of the vehicle of 33.3 meters/second, so V=0.305 volts areobtained from one wire 504.

Since the wires 504 are copper, the resistivity p of the material isknown, and calculated to be 0.5217 ohms (Ω) per 1000 m of 2 AWG copperwire using the equation

$R = {\rho \cdot \frac{l}{A}}$where R is the resistance in ohms, l is the length of the wire in m andA is the cross-sectional area of the wire in m². To calculate theresistance for the 305 m wire, (0.5217/1000)·305=0.159 Using thisresistance, the power can be calculated with the equation

$P = \frac{V^{2}}{R}$

where V² is (0.305)²=0.093. Therefore 0.093/0.159=0.585 J/s is the rateat which power can be delivered from or to the supercapacitor 105 whilecharging, respectively, from a single wire.

The energy stored in a 10,000 F supercapacitor, which may be used as anexample, is calculated with the equation

$E = \frac{{CV}^{2}}{2}$where V² is (0.305)²=0.093. 0.093×10,000 farads/2=465 joules of energyin one supercapacitor.

A supercapacitor can supply a constant rate of power for a time t, inseconds (s), given by the equationt=[c·(V _(charge) ² −V _(min) ²)]/(2·p)where V_(charge) is 0.305 V as calculated above, and V_(min) is adesired 0.1 V remaining in the supercapacitor for optimum performance,and p is the desired rate of power to the motor of 40 J/s. V_(charge) ²is (0.305)²=0.093 and V_(min) is (0.1)²=0.01. t is[10,000·(0.093−0.01)]/2·40=10.375 s of power by one wire. With 152wires, 152·10.375=1577 s, or approximately 26.2 minutes. Alongside this,the time it takes to charge one supercapacitor is 465 joules/0.585=794.9s, or approximately 13.2 minutes. With the rate of charge beingapproximately half of the time it takes to discharge all supercapacitorsto 0.1 V, the vehicle may be provided with supplemental power of 40 J/sat this exemplary velocity. For any rate of power needed by the motor,using the equation above, the amount of time the supercapacitor candeliver power to the motor can be calculated. The computer 301 may becontrolling the order in which the supercapacitors 305 will connect tothe wire 304 to charge, then connect to the motor 308 to discharge andprovide power, and reconnect to the wire to recharge, as describedhereinbefore.

In another embodiment, a larger number of wires may be used, or a numberof smaller sets of wires can be used to equal one larger plurality ofwires. More wires may also be used in order to supply more power ifneeded, and more wires may also be used to supply power also to otherparts of the vehicle, such as the lights, radio, or other components. Inan embodiment, each wire 104, 504 may connect via the interface bus 109to an individual supercapacitor 105.

FIGS. 6a-d illustrate an exemplary nested coils arrangement of wireswith no electrical contact. FIG. 6a-b illustrate the side and top viewsof two coiled wires 604-a and 604-b, with wire 604-b nested inside ofwire 604-a. Only two wires are shown for clarity, but more wires may beused. FIG. 6c shows three wire coils 604-c pointed in a directionparallel to the path of the vehicle, which preferably each haveadditional coiled wires nested inside as shown in FIGS. 6a-b . FIG. 6dshows three wire coils 604-d pointed at an angle relative to wire coils604-c. Only three sets of wire coils 604-c and 604-d are shown in eachbox 615 for clarity, though more or less may be used. Arranging theboxes with the wire coils 604-c and 604-d as shown in FIG. 6c-d allowsthere to be wires available at the correct position relative to thelines of flux of the Earth's magnetic field at any given time. As anexample, wire coils 604-c in a box as shown in FIG. 6c may be positionedsuch that the wire coils 604-c are perpendicular to the ground, and maygenerate electricity as the vehicle travels in an east or west directionby cutting the lines of magnetic flux. As the vehicle changes directionto travel, north, south, north-east, north-west and so on, wire coilsshown in FIG. 6d may be positioned at a horizontal angle with respect tothe longitudinal axis of a car for example, preferably at a 45-degreeangle, so that they continue to generate electricity by cutting thelines of the Earth's magnetic flux. So, in an embodiment, a set of wiresmay be placed at the 45-degree angle and other set at an opposite45-degree angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the car (e.g.,simulating the two rooftop diagonals), to ensure that irrespective ofthe direction of travel, at least one set of wires is cutting the linesof the Earth's magnetic flux and thus collect energy.

As an example, to achieve a rate of supplemental power supplied to thevehicle motor of 40 J/s, a system of nested coils may be used, as shownin FIG. 6a-d . For example, three boxes 615 of four sets of nested wirecoils, each set having four coils for a total of 48 coiled wires may beused for supplying electric current to 48 supercapacitors. Each wire(such as 604-a and 604-b shown in FIG. 6a-b ) for the purposes of thisexample may be a 0000 AWG copper wire having a wire diameter of 11.684millimeters (mm). The resistivity of the material is known, andcalculated to be 0.16072Ω per 1000 m using the equation

$R = {\rho \cdot \frac{l}{A}}$where l is the length of one coiled wire in m. To find the length, firsta coil diameter of 1 m is used. The circumference of one such coil is2πr=3.1416 m. In one meter length, a wire of 0000 AWG diameter widthcould fit approximately 85 times (1000 mm/11.684 mm=85.6). Therefore, ittakes 3.1416×85=267 m of wire to make 85 coils in a 1 m length of space.

Since 1 V derived from a single wire is desired, a longer length of wireis needed for this example. When 1000 m of wire is used to make coils ofthe dimensions described above, approximately 1000/267=3.75 m length ofspace is required to accommodate the coil, and the equationV=B×l×vcan be used to find the amount of voltage generated from this wire.Using the same assumed variables as described above for the circulararrangement of wires, (3×10⁻⁵ T)×(1000 m)×(33.3 m/s)=1 V for a singlewire. Since 1 V is generated from 1000 m of wire, and the resistivity is0.16072Ω per 1000 m at this length, the power generated is

$P = \frac{V^{2}}{R}$(1)²/0.16072=6.22 J/s. This is the rate at which power can be deliveredfrom or to the supercapacitor while discharging or charging,respectively.

The amount of energy stored in a supercapacitor is found using theequation

$E = \frac{{CV}^{2}}{2}$where the supercapacitor has a capacitance of 10,000 farads.[(10,000)×(1)²]/2=5,000 J. The amount of time that a supercapacitor canprovide a constant output of power is given byt=[c·(V _(charge) ² −V _(min) ²)]/(2·p)where, again as was described above, V_(min) is 0.1 volts left in thesupercapacitor for optimum performance and V_(charge) is 1.[10,000·(1−0.01)]/2·40=123.75 s, or approximately 2.06 minutes, istherefore the duration of time that a supercapacitor can provide aconstant output of power from one wire.

The second coil 604-b, also a 0000 AWG wire, inside of the first coil604-a may preferably have a smaller diameter of coils in order to fitinside, as shown as an example in FIG. 6a-b . Four coils of similarlength are therefore used as a set in this example, each coil nestinginside of another with the smallest diameter of coil as the innermostwire.

With a coil diameter of 0.92 m, the second wire 604-b can nest inside ofthe first wire 604-a and the circumference of one coil of the secondwire 604-b is (0.92×π)=2.89 m. Using the same equations outlined above,the same amount of power 6.22 J/s can be provided, for 123.75 seconds.With a set of four coils nested one inside of the other (see FIG. 6a ),this amounts to 24.88 J for a duration of 495 s, or approximately 8.25minutes of constant power output from one set. Approximately 20 J/s canbe provided to the vehicle with this set, since 495/24.88=19.89. Becausepreferably more sets of coils may be used, three sets of coils may beprovided to achieve over the needed 40 joules of per second(1485/18.66=79.6 joules).

The time for recharge of one supercapacitor 305 using one wire coil set604-c or 604-d is 5000 joules/24.88=200.96 seconds, or approximately3.36 minutes. Since this is under the 8.25 minutes of constant powerfrom another set, the vehicle may be provided with supplemental power atthis exemplary velocity of 33.3 m/s, with the computer 301 controllingthe order in which the supercapacitors 305 will connect to the wire 304to charge, then connect to the motor 308 to discharge and provide power,and reconnect to the wire 304 to recharge.

In other exemplary embodiments, the copper wire from the energy module(e.g., FIG. 1) and/or wire arrangements (e.g., FIGS. 5a-c ) describedherein may be replaced by iodine doped carbon nanotubes cables, which isknown to exceed the specific electrical conductivity of metals. Iodinedoped carbon nanotubes cables have a resistivity of 10 to the minus 7ohms per meter. They can carry 10 to the 4 to 10 to the 5 amps per onesquared centimeter.

Again, it is known that V=B×I×v, where V is the voltage generated involts, B is the Earth's magnetic field, using 3.3×10⁻⁵ Tesla (T) as anexample, as the strength may vary, l is the length of the carbonnanotubes cables, and v is the velocity of the wire (doped carbonnanotubes cables).

If for example the velocity=30.3 meters/sec and l=200 meters, thevoltage V=3.3×10 to minus 5×200×30.3=0.2 volts.

The resistance in 200 meters of carbon nanotube cable is 200×10 to theminus 7. As known, the power=(voltage×voltage)/resistance (P=V×V/R).Thus, the power that can be generated by 200 meters of carbon nanotubecable moving at 30.3 meters/sec within the Earth's magnetic field isP=0.2 volts×0.2 volts/(200 meters×10 to the minus 7Ohms/meter)=0.04/(2×10 to the minus 5)=2,000 (two thousand)joules/second or 2,000 watts.

At a voltage of 0.2 volts, knowing that resistance of iodine dopedcarbon nanotube cable is 10 to the minus 7 Ohms and that I=V/R, thecurrent I is 0.2 volts/2×10 to minus 7 Ohms, or 10,000 amps. This meansthat the doped carbon nanotube cable should have a cross-sectional areaof 1 (one) square centimeter (10,000 amps/(10,000 amps/sq. cm)=1 sq.cm).

Volume of 200 Meters of Carbon Nanotube Cable

The volume of 200 meters of nanotube cable can be calculated as follows:200 meters=200×100=20000 cm; thus, the volume is 1 sq. cm×20000cm=20,000 cubic cm.

Mass of 200 Meters of Carbon Nanotube Cable

It is known that the density of iodine doped carbon nanotubes cables is0.33 g/cubic cm. Since density=mass/volume, the mass of 200 m of carbonnanotube cable is 0.33 g×20000 cubic cm=6600 grams or about 14.5 pounds(since 1 pound=454 grams).

As stated hereinabove, the amount of energy stored in a supercapacitoris found using the equation

$E = \frac{{CV}^{2}}{2}$

When the supercapacitor has for example a capacitance of 10,000 farads,the energy (E) that can be stored in the supercapacitor by 200 m ofcarbon nanotube cable is ((0.2×0.2)×10000)/2=200 joules.

In another example, if 500 meters of carbon nanotube cable is usedinstead of 200 meters, similar calculations as above, based on sameassumptions, can be performed to derive the following:

Voltage=3.3×10 to the minus 5×500 m×30.3 m/s=0.5 volts.

Resistance=500 m×10 to the minus 7 ohms/m=5×10 minus 5 ohms.

Current=0.5 volts/5×10 to minus 5 Ohms=1×10 to the power of 4 amps (A).

Area of cross-section of the carbon nanotube cable is 1 sq. cm (10,000amps/(10,000 amps/sq. cm)=1 sq. cm).

Volume of 500 meter of the carbon nanotube cable is 50,000 cubic cm(volume=1 sq. cm×500×100=5×10 to 4 cubic cm).

Since again, density=mass/volume, and density=0.33 g/cubic cm andvolume=5×10 to 4 cubic cm, mass=0.33×5 10 to 4=16500 grams. Since 454grams=1 pound, mass=16500/454=36.3 pounds=36 pounds.

In another example, if fifteen carbon nanotube cables, each 500 meterslong are used, they will have a total weight of 15×36=548 pounds.

Each carbon nanotube cable of 500 meters in length will charge asupercapacitor to 1,250 joules (this can be derived from similarcalculations shown above when referring to the 200-meter cable). Again,the computer 101 every millisecond for example monitors the charge oneach supercapacitor 105, as described herein.

In an example, the 500 meter carbon nanotube cables may be coiled in“circles” of about 3 meters long (circumference). This means that whenthe carbon nanotube cable cross-section is about one square centimeteras described hereinbefore, the coil will be about 1.66 meters long. A1.66 meters long coil could fit for example on the top of a car. Whenmore than one is needed, the carbon nanotube cables may be fitted/nestedinside of each other, as exemplary shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, and still,the length of the nested coils may be close to the 1.66 meters length.

In an example, 1000 meters long iodine doped carbon nanotube moving at avelocity=30.3 m/s may be used. Since, B=3.3×10 to minus 5 andvoltage=B×L×V, voltage=1 (one) volt. The resistance of 1000 meter ofiodine doped carbon nanotube is 1000×1×10 to minus 7=1×10 to minus 4.The power is (v×v)/r. Since v=1 volt and r=1×10 to minus 4 ohms, thepower=1/1×10 to minus 4=10,000 watts=10,000 joules/s=10 kW. The energystored in a capacitor=(v×v×c)/2. Since v=1 volt and c=10000 farads,e=5000 joules. Thus, it would take ½ (half) of second to charge thecapacitor (5000 J/10000 J/s=½ s).

The velocity of 30.3 m/s is the equivalent of 67.7 miles/hr. As anexample, when Chevy Volt™ travels 67.7 miles at 67.7 miles/hr, ittravels one hour and every 2.7 miles that it travels uses 1kilowatt·hour (kWh) of power. That means 25 (67.7/2.7) kilowatt of poweris used for an hour (i.e., 25 kWh).

Since one 1000 m iodine doped carbon nanotube can produce 10 kW of poweras described above, for example, 8 wires each of 1000 meters can be usedat the same time (e.g., coiled and nested as described above), whichcould produce potentially up to 80 kW of power. The oversizing (80 kW>25kW) may be used to account for example for the fact that not all wiresmay collect energy at full potential at the same time, depending on forexample on the direction of travel of the carbon nanotube wires.However, as described herein, the 45-degree wire arrangement (especiallywhen two 45-degree sets of wires are used (e.g., simulating the twocross diagonals of the rooftop of a car)) may ensure that at least oneset (i.e., 4 wires or 40 kW) intersect the Earth's magnetic fieldirrespective of the direction of travel. Further, even if the powersupplied by the wires would not be constantly sufficient to power avehicle or a motor alone, it should be appreciated that evensupplementing existing power sources (e.g., existing batteries) is asignificant benefit.

Each wire may charge a super capacitor as shown in the chart below.

supercapacitors 200 400 600 800 1 sec 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000milliseconds 1 d 200 400 ch ch ch ch ch 2 ch d 200 400 ch ch ch ch 3 chd 200 400 ch ch ch 4 ch d 200 400 ch ch 5 ch d 200 400 ch 6 ch d 200 4007 ch d 200 8 ch d

Again, at the stated speed, the Chevy Volt™ may discharge 5000 joulesfrom a supercapacitor in 200 milliseconds (i.e., 25000 J/s) and it takesthe supercapacitor 500 milliseconds (or half of second) to charge to5000 joules.

In the chart above, “ch” means the supercapacitor is charged to 5000joules; “d” means the supercapacitor is discharged; again, it takes 500milliseconds to charge supercapacitor to 5000 joules. The chart isshowing the times for charging and discharging the supercapacitors. Forexample, supercapacitor number 2, after being discharged at 400milliseconds, it will be charged for 200 milliseconds at 600milliseconds.

The volume of 1000 meter iodine doped nanotube in cubic cm isvolume=1000×100 1 sq cm=1×10 to 5 cubic cm; since density=mass/volumeand density=0.33 g/cubic cm, volume=1×10 to 5 cubic cm, mass=0.33×10 to5 grams. Since, 454 grams=1 pound, mass in pounds is 0.33×10 to 5/454=73pounds. 8 wires=73×8=584 pounds.

The current in 1000 meter wire is 10000 amps (I=v/r, v=1 volt,r=1000×1×10 to minus 7).

The above chart shows that 8 iodine doped carbon nanotubes cables of1000 m each, may be enough to move or at least help move a Chevy Volt™at 67.7 miles/hr.

In another example, 1000 meter iodine doped carbon nanotube cables maybe used at a velocity=15.1 m/s=33.8 miles/hr. Since b=3.3×10 to minus 5,voltage=b×l×v, voltage=15.1×1000×3.3×10 to minus 5=0.5 volts. Sinceiodine doped carbon nanotubes have resistance of 1×10 to minus 7ohms/meter, the resistance of 1000 meters is 1000×1×10 to minus 7=1×10to minus 4 ohms; sine power=(v×v)/r, power=(0.5×0.5)/(1×10 to minus4)=2.5×10 to minus 3=2500 watts=2500 joules/sec=2.5 kW; the energy (e)stored in a capacitor is e=(v×v×c)/2 or e=(0.5×0.5×10000)/2=1250 joules.If the Chevy Volt™ travels 33.8 miles at velocity of 33.8 m/hr, ittravels for one hour and it uses 1 kilowatt·hour (1 kWh) of energy forevery 2.7 miles traveled; thus the number of kilowatts·hour used forthis travel is 33.8/2.7=12.5 kWh.

In an example, there are 8 wires (iodine doped carbon nanotube cables)each of 1000 meters may be used. Each wire may potentially produce asshown above (at 33.8 miles/hr) 2.5 kW. Thus, 8 wires could potentiallyproduce a total of 20 kW. Again, the oversizing (20 kW>12.5 kW) may beused to account for example for the fact that not all wires may collectenergy at full potential at the same time, depending on for example onthe direction of travel of the carbon nanotube wires. However, asdescribed herein, the 45-degree wire arrangement (especially when two45-degree sets of wires are used (e.g., simulating the two crossdiagonals of the rooftop of a car)) may ensure that at least one set(i.e., 4 wires or 10 kW) intersect the Earth's magnetic fieldirrespective of the direction of travel. Further, even if the powersupplied by the wires would not be constantly sufficient to power avehicle or a motor alone, it should be appreciated that evensupplementing existing power sources (e.g., existing batteries) is asignificant benefit.

Each wire charges a super capacitor to 1250 joules. The Chevy Volt™discharges a super capacitor in 1250/12500=0.1 sec=100 milliseconds

In the chart below, the top row is the time in 100 millisecondincrements, the first column shows the supercapacitor number and thenumbers inside the table are charging times in 100 milliseconds andimplicitly the percentage of charge (i.e., 1=capacitor 20 percentcharged, 2=capacitor 40 percent charged, 3=capacitor 60 percent charged,4=capacitor 80 percent charged); d indicates that the capacitor isdischarged; ch=indicates that the capacitor is charged.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 time in .1 seccapacitors 1 d 1 2 3 4 ch ch d 1 2 3 4 ch ch 2 ch d 1 2 3 4 ch ch d 1 23 4 ch 3 ch ch d 1 2 3 4 ch ch d 1 2 3 4 4 ch ch ch d 1 2 3 ch ch 1 d 12 3 5 ch ch ch ch d 1 2 3 4 ch ch d 1 2 6 ch ch ch ch ch d 1 2 3 4 ch chd 1 7 ch ch ch ch ch ch d 1 2 3 4 ch ch d

As shown, at the end of 0.1 sec capacitor number one (c1) is discharged,capacitors 2 to 7 are charged; at the end of 0.2 sec capacitor c1 is 20percent charged, capacitor 2 is discharged, capacitors 3 to 7 arecharged; at the end of 0.3 sec capacitor 1 is 40 percent charged,capacitor 2 20 percent charged, capacitor 3 is discharged and capacitors4 to 7 are charged; at the end of 0.4 sec capacitor 1 is 60 percentcharged, capacitor 2 is 20 percent charged, capacitor 3 is 20 percentcharged, capacitor 4 is discharged, and capacitors 5 to 7 charged, atthe end of 0.5 sec. capacitor 1 is 80 percent charged, capacitor 2 is 60percent charged, capacitor 3 is 40 percent charged, capacitor 4 is 20percent charged, and capacitor 5 is discharged; at the end of 0.6 seccapacitor 1 is charged, capacitor 2 is 80 percent charged, capacitor 3is 60 percent charged, capacitor 4 is 40 percent charged, capacitor 5 is20 percent charged, capacitor 6 is discharged, and capacitor 7 ischarged; at the end of 0.7 sec capacitor 1 is charged, capacitor 2 ischarged, capacitor 3 is 80 percent charged, capacitor 4 is 60 percentcharged, capacitor 5 is 40 percent charged, capacitor 6 is 20 percentcharged and capacitor 7 is discharged

Hence, as demonstrated above, as long as the Chevy Volt™ travels at 15.1meters/sec=33.8 miles/hr, the 8, 1000 m iodine doped carbon nanotubewires may replace the battery as an energy source or at least supplementthe battery.

Again, iodine doped carbon nanotube 1000 meters weighs 73 pounds; thus 7wires each 1000 meters weigh 511 pounds.

In an example, the carbon nanotube cables may be fitted on the roof of acar preferably at a 45-degree horizontal angle with respect to thelongitudinal axis of the car. In an example, this can be accomplished byplacing the box with carbon nanotube cables shown in FIG. 6 flat on thetop of the car, with the left side of the box facing the front of thecar and the right side of the box facing the back of the car. Thisconfiguration may ensure that the carbon nanotube cables will intersectthe Earth magnetic field irrespective of the direction of travel of thecar, thus likely continuously collecting energy.

The carbon nanotube cables may be coated with an insulator (e.g.,plastic) material that does not interfere with the Earth's magneticfield but prevents electrical contact between the carbon nanotube cableswhen for example they are coiled or nested together as described herein.

FIG. 7a illustrates a side view of an electric vehicle retrofitted witha system of nested coiled wires as in FIGS. 6a-d , according to anembodiment. An electric vehicle may be retrofitted with, for example, acircular arrangement of wires in a cylinder (FIGS. 5a-c ), or a nestedcoiled wires arrangement in a box (FIGS. 6a-d ) in order to providepower to the vehicle's motor. In one embodiment, a set of boxes 715 isplaced in or on the vehicle (FIG. 7a ). A plurality of coils, eachpreferably containing one or more coils nested inside, are placed ineach box 715. FIG. 7b illustrates a wire 704-a which may be coiled andplaced inside of a box 715 such that the box can be mounted anywhere ona vehicle. The wire 704-a may, for example, connect to a computerinterface bus 102 via circuits 7-C1 and 7-C2. The computer interface bus102 may be located in the interior of the vehicle, in which case thewire 704-a may reach the bus 102 by exiting the box 715 through holes712 and 712-a of the box 715 and body of the vehicle 716-a,respectively.

FIG. 7c shows an example of a wire 704 connected to a voltmeter 706.What follows is a succinct presentation of the experiments conducted toarrive at the systems and methods disclosed above. A vehicle was used tocarry the wire 704 connected to a voltmeter 706 by circuits 7-C3 and7-C4. The wire 704 and voltmeter 706 were attached to the vehicle by awooden piece 717, which does not impede the Earth's magnetic field andprovided insulation for the wire 704, protecting it from anyinterference from the vehicle. The experiment was performed on a smallscale, driving the vehicle with only one wire 704 and taking readingsfrom the voltmeter 706. The experiment showed that a voltage wascollected by the wire 704. The collected voltage appeared to besufficient to provide supplemental energy to an electric vehicle asdisclosed above particularly if the number of wires were to beincreased.

It should be understood that retrofitting a vehicle with the systemsdescribed herein and exemplarily shown in FIG. 7a-c may be performed inany manner deemed suitable, such as, for example, including a systemattached via a trailer hitch to the vehicle, using a bicycle rack orother such similar devices to carry the system, or attaching the systemonto the roof, doors, undercarriage, or interior of the vehicle usingany suitable method. An electric vehicle may also be constructed withthe system already built in, or the body of an electric vehicle may forexample be constructed with other similar suitable technology such as,for example, integrated circuit technology, such that the body is madeup of sheets of conductive material such as copper to allow the vehiclebody to act as the copper wires. The sheets of copper may, for example,be etched in order for them to act as the wires as described in thesystem herein.

It should be understood that, the inventive aspects disclosed herein maybe adapted for various applications, to supply or supplement power, for,for example, a space station, satellites, planes, drones, otheraircraft, ships or missiles.

It should be further understood that the system disclosed herein may beable to use in a similar way, in addition to or as a replacement of thesuperconductor iodine doped carbon nanotubules, brand new superconductormaterials such as metallic hydrogen, and other materials that are indevelopment now and in the future.

It may be advantageous to set forth definitions of certain words andphrases used in this patent document. The term “couple” and itsderivatives refer to any direct or indirect communication between two ormore elements, whether or not those elements are in physical contactwith one another. The terms “include” and “comprise,” as well asderivatives thereof, mean inclusion without limitation. The term “or” isinclusive, meaning and/or. The phrases “associated with” and “associatedtherewith,” as well as derivatives thereof, may mean to include, beincluded within, interconnect with, contain, be contained within,connect to or with, couple to or with, be communicable with, cooperatewith, interleave, juxtapose, be proximate to, be bound to or with, have,have a property of, or the like.

As used in this application, “plurality” means two or more. A “set” ofitems may include one or more of such items. Whether in the writtendescription or the claims, the terms “comprising,” “including,”“carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and the like are to beunderstood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to.Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consistingessentially of,” respectively, are closed or semi-closed transitionalphrases with respect to claims. Use of ordinal terms such as “first,”“second,” “third,” etc., in the claims to modify a claim element doesnot by itself connote any priority, precedence or order of one claimelement over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method areperformed. These terms are used merely as labels to distinguish oneclaim element having a certain name from another element having a samename (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claimelements. As used in this application, “and/or” means that the listeditems are alternatives, but the alternatives also include anycombination of the listed items.

Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described hereinfor the purpose of disclosing the preferred embodiments, someone ofordinary skills in the art will easily detect alternate embodimentsand/or equivalent variations, which may be capable of achieving the sameresults, and which may be substituted for the specific embodimentsillustrated and described herein without departing from the scope of theinvention. Therefore, the scope of this application is intended to coveralternate embodiments and/or equivalent variations of the specificembodiments illustrated and/or described herein. Hence, the scope of theinvention is defined by the accompanying claims and their equivalents.Furthermore, each and every claim is incorporated as further disclosureinto the specification and the claims are embodiment(s) of theinvention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for powering a machine having a motorcomprising the steps of: powering the machine's motor using power from apower source; using the motor to start to move the machine so as to movea plurality of wires associated with the machine within Earth's magneticfield, and thus, generate electrical energy within the plurality ofwires; using a computer, controllably supplying the electrical energyfor storage to a plurality of energy storing devices by monitoring anenergy level of each of the plurality of energy storing devices anddirecting the electrical energy to the energy storing device in whichthe energy level is below a predetermined level; and using the computer,controllably supplying to the motor electrical energy from the pluralityof energy storing devices by monitoring the energy level of each of theplurality of energy storing devices and supplying the electrical energyfrom the energy storing device in which the energy level is higher thanthe predetermined level wherein each wire from the plurality of wires isfolded and placed radially in a cylinder, such that to extend across adiameter of the cylinder, such that to achieve a maximum length for eachof the plurality of wires, a maximum total length of the plurality ofwires and correct position relative to the Earth's magnetic field linesof flux of at any given time of the at least one wire.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the machine is an electric vehicle.
 3. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the power source is a battery.
 4. The method of claim1, wherein the energy storing devices are supercapacitors.
 5. The methodof claim 1, wherein the wires are iodine doped carbon nanotube cables.6. The method of claim 1, wherein each wire from the plurality of wiresis associated with a corresponding energy storing device from theplurality of energy storing devices.
 7. The method of claim 2, whereinthe plurality of wires is integral to the body of the electric vehicle.